X-Message-Number: 14946
From: Keith Rene Dugue <>
Subject: ice and glass
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2000 23:30:23 -0800

Dr Ettinger wrote in Message #14938

>f) Another relatively minor point: Fred says cracking or fracturing may 
occur
>in liquid nitrogen. This has not been observed with our procedures.

Surely you must recall Brian Wowk's comments about your freezing techniques 
relative to vitrification? In message  #11010
he wrote:

"Mr. Ettinger has written about CI's research showing
that slow cooling to liquid nitrogen temperatures prevents fracturing
of frozen sheep brains.  Unfortunately this gives us no reassurance
about vitrified brains because frozen brains, consisting of a sintered
aggregate of ice and glass, are less likely to fracture than a
single monolithic block of glass.  Essentially a frozen brain is already
fractured in millions of places so it's more difficult for new thermal
stress cracks to propagate macroscopically.  Ironically, the better
you cryoprotectant an organ against ice, the more likely it is to
fracture macroscopically at very low temperatures."

I don't think that this is a minor point. However I join you in applauding 
the outstanding work done by all who have committed themselves so that 
these revolutionary breakthroughs are possible for the rest of us.

Keith R. Dugue

NO SPAM
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