X-Message-Number: 2879.1 From ig2!att!glas.apc.org!binran Tue Jul 12 10:06:04 1994 remote from whscad1 Date: Tue, 12 Jul 94 18:05 +0400 From: (Vladimir Razzhivin) To: Subject: CRYONICS ATOMIC PRINTERS OR TIME ESTIMATION OF ATOM-BY-ATOM BRAIN ASSEMBLING by MICHAEL SOLOVIOV, 1. INTRODUCTION I try to estimate the time that some future technology will need in the case if a suspended patient will be reanimated by reconstruction: (1) the frozen body will be "scanned" to define the location and type of all atoms in the body; (2) this information will be processed to correct all possible mistakes and to modify the atomic structure of body in order to cure diseases and to do feasible the thawing (e.g. to modify the ice structure from solid state to amorphous); (3) this processed information will be used by some STM-derived device to assemble the body atom-by-atom (here I estimate only this step as the most cruicial one); (4) the reconstructed body will be thawn. This approach differs from Merkle's [1] and Drexler's one [2]: (1) not the molecular repair -- but the atomic reconstruction; (2) not the assemblers -- but a big number of STM-like needles united in matrix. 2. FACTS, ASSUMPTIONS, AND CALCULATIONS -3 3 (1) Brain volume (assumption): Vb = 10 m . (2) Brain weight (assumption): Wb = 1 kg. -27 (3) Atomic mass unit (amu): 1 amu = 1.66 * 10 kg. (4) Numerical atomic composition of the body [3] and atomic weights (only for the main atoms): ---------------------------------- Atom Weight (amu) % in the body ---------------------------------- H 1.0 60.6 O 16.0 25.7 C 12.0 10.7 N 14.0 2.4 Ca 40.1 0.2 ---------------------------------- (5) Average weight of atom of the human body (calculated from (4)): -26 Wa = 6.44 amu = 1.069 * 10 kg. 26 (6) Number of atoms in the brain: Na = Wb / Wa = 10 . (7) Average distance between atoms (calculated from (1) & (6)): La = 0.215 nm. (8) Real distances between atoms in proteins vary from 0.1 to 0.3 nm [3] (valency/non-valency links, distance in nm, ? - no data in [3]): -------------------------------------------- H O C N -------------------------------------------- H | ? /0.20 ? /0.24 0.11/0.24 0.10/0.24 O | * ? /0.28 0.12/0.28 ? /0.27 C | * * 0.15/0.32 0.14/0.29 N | * * * ? /0.27 -------------------------------------------- 7 (9) Reasonable time to assemble the brain (assumption): Tb = 10 s (about 4 months). (10) Assembling speed to assemble the brain for Tb: 19 Sb = Na / Tb = 10 atoms/s. 17 (11) Assume that 1 2D layer of atoms contain 2*10 atoms => Sb = 50 layers/s => time to assemble 1 layer: Tl = 0.02 s. (12) How many bits to describe 1 atom at 0.01 nm precision In case of using absolute coordinates we need about 100 bits per atom [1]. However it is possible to use relative coordinates. Assuming that atoms can not be closer than 0.1 nm we need 6 bits per coordinate for distances from -0.41 to 0.42 nm (it is possible to insert "void" atoms for the longer distances). Using 6 bits to describe the type of atom we need 24 bits total. Moreover it is possible to compress this information. I reached 10% compression using the PKZIP archive software for the file contained information about 100,000 randomly distributed atoms and 15% compression for the limited range of X coordinate. Thus about 20 bits per atom (or even letter) is enough to describe 1 atom of the human body. 3. NEEDLE MATRIX PRINTER (1) Hypothetical printing (assembling) process (Step 1 A) A B . . . ============= . . . . . . . . . . \ / \ / Positioning V V of the A needle over the source NNOOHH C H NNCCHH O N . . . ------ ------ ------ ------ . . . (S) (D) (S) (D) (Step 2 A) A B . . . ============= . . . . . . . . . . \ / \ / The A needle V V captures an atom O NNO HH C H NNCCHH O N . . . ------ ------ ------ ------ . . . (S) (D) (S) (D) (Step 3 A) A B ---> . . . . . ============= . . . . . . . . \ / \ / The atom is V V transported from o...O..o the source to the NNO HH C H NNCCHH O N destination . . . ------ ------ ------ ------ . . . (S) (D) (S) (D) (Step 4 A) A B . . . . . . ============= . . . . . . \ / \ / Fine positioning V V of the A needle O over the destination NNO HH C H NNCCHH O N . . . ------ ------ ------ ------ . . . (S) (D) (S) (D) (Step 5 A) A B . . . . . . ============= . . . . . . \ / \ / The A needle V V releases the atom NNO HH C OH NNCCHH O N . . . ------ ------ ------ ------ . . . (S) (D) (S) (D) (Step 1 B) A B . . . . . . ============= . . . . . . \ / \ / Positioning V V of the B needle over the source NNO HH C OH NNCCHH O N . . . ------ ------ ------ ------ . . . (S) (D) (S) (D) (Step 2 B) - (Step 5 B): The same as (Step 2 A) - (Step 5 A) -- only the B needle is active and the atoms are transported in the back direction (right to left). Then these steps are repeated until the brain is assembled. Notation: (D) - destination: surface of brain piece (S) - source: surface of piece of "row" atoms A,B - needles H,C,O,N - atoms (2) The needle trace to place 1 atom (top view, approximately) Source Atom transportation Destination positioning positioning 20 nm 1 mcm 0.2 nm <------------> <------------------------> <---------> S....C..................................... ... ... F ^ : : : : : : | : : : : : : | 0.2 nm [HHHHCCCCOOONNN] : : : : R : | :.: :.: :.: v <-> 0.01 nm S - start of the needle movement F - finish of the needle movement C - here the atom was captured (for example) R - here the atom was released (for example) [..] - atom distribution on the source surface (for example) (3) C & R places are controlled by the electric pulses fed individually to each needle during uniform movement of needle matrix over the source/destination. The place where the atom was captured defines the kind of atom. (4) The needle start position is shifted 0.2 nm forward or aside to place the next atom . The following figure is the map of start positions to place 12 atoms (for example): 1---2---3---4 ^ | | 0.2 nm 8---7---6---5 v | 9--10--11--12 <--> 0.2 nm (5) Printer side view (fragment) . . . ===================================== . . . VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV <-- needles ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- | (S) | (D) | (S) | (D) | (S) | (D) | (S) moves up | | | | | | | ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- (D) moves down ^ | ^ | ^ | to be "glued" | | | | | | | V | | ----- ----- ----- | -->| (D) | (D) | (D) |<-- | | | | ----- ----- ----- <-----> 1 mcm (6) Printer: top view ^ -------------------------------------- | |::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::| | |::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::<-------- 2D needle array | |::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::| (matrix): 10 cm | |::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::| | |::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::| 12 | |::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::| 2*10 needles | |::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::| v -------------------------------------- <--------------------------------------> 20 cm (7) Printer: top view under the needle array (fragment) ----------------------------------------- ^ |///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\| | |///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\| | |///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\| | |/S/|\D\|/S/|\D\|/S/|\D\|/S/|\D\|/S/|\D\| | 10 cm |///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\| | |///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\| | |///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\| | |///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\|///|\\\| | ----------------------------------------- v <---> <---> 1 mcm 1 mcm (8) If such variant of the printer is too large it is possible to split it into smaller devices. It is also possible to change oscillatory movement to rotatory or to combine them. (9) Distance between needles: Ln = 100 nm. (10) Distance between atoms: La = 0.2 nm. (11) Atom position precision (grid step): Lg = 0.01 nm. 2 (12) Number of destination positions: Nd = ( La / Lg ) = 400. (13) Atom transport distance (between source and destination): Lt' = 1 mcm. (14) Path length over the source to select and capture atoms: Ls' = 20 nm. (15) Path for needle to go during the fine positioning over destination: Ld' = La * La / Lg = 4 nm. (16) Number of atoms to transport (to print) by 1 needle during assembling 2 5 of 1 layer: Nl = ( Ln / La ) = 2.5 * 10 . (17) Transport path for needle to go during assembling of 1 layer: -6 5 -1 Lt = Lt' * Nl = 10 * 2.5 * 10 = 2.5 * 10 m = 25 cm. (18) Source path for needle to go during assembling of 1 layer: -9 5 -3 Ls = Ls' * Nl = 20 * 10 * 2.5 * 10 = 5 * 10 m = 5 mm. (19) Destination path for needle to go during assembling of 1 layer: -9 5 -3 Ld = Ld' * Nl = 4 * 10 * 2.5 * 10 = 10 m = 1 mm. (20) Transport time to assemble 1 layer (assumption): Tt = 0.5 * Tl = 0.01 s. (21) Destination position time to assemble 1 layer (assumption): Td = 0.5 * Tl = 0.01 s. (22) Source position time to assemble 1 layer (assumption): Ts = 0.01 * Tl = 0.0002 s. -1 -2 (23) Transport speed: St = Lt / Tt = 2.5 * 10 / 10 = 25 m/s. -3 -2 (24) Destination position speed: Sd = Ld / Td = 10 / 10 = 0.1 m/s. -3 -4 (25) Source position speed: Ss = Ls / Ts = 5 * 10 / 2 * 10 = 25 m/s. (26) Frequency of control modulation for destination positioning: 10 Fd = 1 / ( Td / (Nl * Nd) ) = 10 Hz = 10 GHz. 4. "JET" OR PIPELINE PRINTER (1) Hypothetical printing processes: (a) (S) ---------- Atoms "jump" from needle to needle. * / A Notation: * - atoms; A,V,< - needles. * <:: | <:: This is 1 "head". The printer is the array * <:: of "heads". \ V * ---------- (D) (b) (S) ---------- Atoms move in nanotube. * / \ The printer is the array of nanotubes. | * | | | | * | \ / * ---------- (D) (c) The same as (b) but the source is a cold gas (plasma?) in chamber. There could be 1 chamber per each type of atoms and the transport nanotube system. (2) The brain is assembled as the whole (no pieces, no "gluing"). (3) There is no "mechanical" movement to transport and to catch atoms -- the only movement is needed for destination position. Thus the speed and frequency calculations are as the following: (4) Destination position time to assemble 1 layer: Td = Tl = 0.02 s. (5) Frequency of control modulation: Fd = 5 GHz. 5. LASER PRINTER Atoms are positioned by electromagnetic field (light) [4,5]. The current precision (line width) is 65 nm. REFERENCES [1] R.C.Merkle. "Molecular repair of the brain", Cryonics, Jan. & Apr. 1994. [2] K.E.Drexler. "Engines of Creation", 1986. [3] M.V.Volkenstein. "Biophysics", 1981 (in Russian). [4] J.J.McClelland e.a. "Laser-focused atomic deposition", Science, 5 Nov. 1993, p.877. (reprinted in Immortalist, Jan. 1994, p.48). [5] B.P.Stein. "Atoms caught in a web of light", New Scientist, 29 Jan. 1994, p. 32. (It is more popular than [4] and contains the short survey of the problem). Rate This Message: http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/rate.cgi?msg=2879.1