X-Message-Number: 31311
Date: Wed, 31 Dec 2008 19:47:44 -0800 (PST)
From:
Subject: fade to black... rice that is (Part I)
[If rodent experimental results apply to humans, then black rice is likely to
inhibit allergies, atherosclerosis, and insulin resistance in humans, as well as
possibly inhibit cancer and reduce body fat. It may even slow aging, via
inhibition of nfkappab. If you consume a lot of rice, I suspect
substituting black for white rice might be an economical way to bid for an extra
decade of life. Note that boiling black rice with other grains will stain them
with a grey discoloration. This aesthetic negative can be eliminated by boiling
black rice separately. Indeed a mixture of grains, to my
eyes, is visually improved by the inclusion of black rice.]
[Black rice extract suppresses age associated markers of inflammation such as
sVCAM in humans.]
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16 Suppl 1:295-301.
Supplementation of black rice pigment fraction improves antioxidant and
anti-inflammatory status in patients with coronary heart disease.
Wang Q, Han P, Zhang M, Xia M, Zhu H, Ma J, Hou M, Tang Z, Ling W.
Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus),
74 Zhongshan Road II. Guangzhou, China 510080.
Black rice and its pigment fraction have shown anti-atherogenic activities
in several animal models, but whether their beneficial effects will recur in
humans remains unknown. The aim of the present study is to investigate the
influence of black rice pigment fraction (BRF) supplementation on
selected cardiovascular risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease
(CHD). Sixty patients with CHD aged 45-75 years were recruited from the Second
Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangzhou, China and randomly
divided into two groups. In the test group, the diet was
supplemented with 10 grams of BRF derived from black rice for 6 months; While in
the placebo group, the diet was supplemented with 10 grams of white rice
pigment fraction (WRF) derived from white rice. At baseline, plasma antioxidant
status and the levels of inflammatory biomarkers and other
measured variables were similar between two groups. After 6 months'
intervention, compared to WRF supplementation, BRF supplementation greatly
enhanced plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (p=0.003), significantly reduce
plasma levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1)
(p=0.03), soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) (p=0.002) and high sensitive C-reactive
protein (hs-CRP) (p=0.002) in the test group. No significant changes were
observed in plasma total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity, lipids level and
carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) between two groups.
These results may suggest that BRF could exert cardioprotective effects on
patients with CHD by improving plasma antioxidant status and inhibiting
inflammatory factors.
PMID: 17392122
Atherosclerosis. 2008 Jan;196(1):298-305. Epub 2006 Nov 21.
Age-related increases in circulating inflammatory markers in men are independent
of BMI, blood pressure and blood lipid concentrations.
Miles EA, Rees D, Banerjee T, Cazzola R, Lewis S, Wood R, Oates R, Tallant
A, Cestaro B, Yaqoob P, Wahle KW, Calder PC. Institute of Human Nutrition,
School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East,
Southampton, Hampshire SO16 7PX, United Kingdom.
OBJECTIVE: To examine whether age-related increase in concentrations of
circulating inflammatory mediators is due to concurrent increases in
cardiovascular risk factors or is independent of these. METHODS AND RESULTS:
Cytokines (IL-6, IL-18), chemokines (6Ckine, MCP-1, IP-10), soluble
adhesion
molecules (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin) and adipokines (adiponectin) were
measured in the plasma of healthy male subjects aged 18-84 years (n=162). These
were related to known cardiovascular risk factors (age, BMI, systolic and
diastolic blood pressure, plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol,
HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations) in order to identify
significant associations. Plasma concentrations of sVCAM-1, sE-selectin, IL-6,
IL-18, MCP-1, 6Ckine, IP-10 and adiponectin, but not sICAM-1, were significantly
positively correlated with age, as well as with several other
cardiovascular risk factors. The correlations with other risk factors
disappeared when age was controlled for. In contrast, the correlations with age
remained significant for sVCAM-1, IL-6, MCP-1, 6Ckine and IP-10 when other
cardiovascular risk factors were controlled for. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma
concentrations of some inflammatory markers (sVCAM-1, IL-6, MCP-1, 6Ckine,
IP-10) are positively correlated with age, independent of other cardiovascular
risk factors. This suggests that age-related inflammation may not be driven by
recognised risk factors.
PMID: 17118371
[Rats fed black rice also had lower body fat.]
Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2007 Mar;77(2):99-106.
The effect of varied dietary grains on plasma lipid profiles, gut transit time,
and aorta histopathology in experimental rats.
Kim JY, Kim JH, Lee da H, Kim SH, Lee SS. Department of Food and Nutrition,
Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
This study was designed to investigate the influence of natural brown and
black rice consumption on plasma lipid parameters, transit time, and
thickness of the aortic wall in rats fed different combinations of grains.
Fifty male rats were divided into five groups and raised for eight weeks
with
diets containing white rice (WR), white rice and brown rice (WRBR), white rice
and black rice (WRBL), brown rice and black rice (BRBL), or wheat flour (WH).
Gut transit time was the shortest in the BRBL group, and was longer in the order
of WRBL, WRBR, WR, and WH group. Plasma lipid profiles
differed significantly according to the grain combination. The BRBL group had
the lowest levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-C), and low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and the highest plasma high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration among all groups. The
aortic wall thickness hatro for body weight was lower in rats in order of BRBL,
WRBR, WH, WRBL, and WR group. In conclusion, black rice and brown rice have
anti-atherogenic effects by decreasing plasma lipide profiles and attenuating
the thickness of the aortic wall.
PMID: 17896583
Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2007 Mar;62(1):1-6. Epub 2006 Dec 23.
Effect of anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) on
hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats.
Guo H, Ling W, Wang Q, Liu C, Hu Y, Xia M, Feng X, Xia X.
Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University
(Northern Campus), 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080,
P. R. China.
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of an anthocyanin-rich
extract from black rice on hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in
fructose-fed rats. Rats fed fructose diet for 4 weeks exhibited
significantly higher plasma insulin levels and lower insulin sensitivity
than the control rats
fed AIN-93G diet. Dietary supplementation with the anthocyanin-rich extract (5
g/kg of high-fructose diet) prevented the development of fructose-induced
insulin resistance. After fructose-induced insulin resistance had been
established, 4-week treatment with the anthocyanin-rich extract (5 g/kg of
high-fructose diet) or pioglitazone (270 mg/kg of high-fructose diet)
ameliorated the glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia, but the extract failed
to reverse the fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia as pioglitazone did. In
addition, rats supplemented by the extract exhibited lower oxidative stress
than the fructose-fed controls, as indicated by the lower concentrations of
plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and blood oxidized glutathione.
Overall, these results suggest that the anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice
improves certain metabolic abnormalities associated with diets
high in fructose.
PMID: 17187297
Chem Biol Interact. 2006 Nov 7;163(3):218-29. Epub 2006 Aug 17.
Black rice anthocyanins inhibit cancer cells invasion via repressions of MMPs
and u-PA expression.
Chen PN, Kuo WH, Chiang CL, Chiou HL, Hsieh YS, Chu SC. Institute of
Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110,
Section 1, Chien Kuo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
Tumor metastasis is the most important cause of cancer death and various
treatment strategies have targeted on preventing the occurrence of
metastasis. Anthocyanins are natural colorants belonging to the flavonoid
family, and are wildly used for their antioxidant properties. Here, we
provided
molecular evidence associated with the anti-metastatic effects of peonidin
3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside, major anthocyanins extracted from black
rice (Oryza sativa L. indica), by showing a marked inhibition on the invasion
and motility of SKHep-1 cells. This effect was associated with a
reduced expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and urokinase-type
plasminogen activator (u-PA). Peonidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside also
exerted an inhibitory effect on the DNA binding activity and the nuclear
translocation of AP-1. Furthermore, these compounds also exerted an
inhibitory effect of cell invasion on various cancer cells (SCC-4, Huh-7, and
HeLa). Finally, anthocyanins from O. sativa L. indica (OAs) were evidenced by
its inhibition on the growth of SKHep-1 cells in vivo.
PMID: 16970933
Nutr Cancer. 2005;53(2):232-43.
Cyanidin 3-glucoside and peonidin 3-glucoside inhibit tumor cell growth and
induce apoptosis in vitro and suppress tumor growth in vivo.
Chen PN, Chu SC, Chiou HL, Chiang CL, Yang SF, Hsieh YS. Institute of
Biochemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Dietary polyphenols, including anthocyanins, are suggested to be involved in
the protective effects of fruits and vegetables against cancer. However,
anticancer effects of peonidin 3-glucoside have not been clearly
demonstrated, with only limited studies being available concerning the
inhibitory
effect of cyanidin 3-glucoside for tumor cell growth. Therefore, in this study,
we have isolated and identified the two bioactive compounds, peonidin
3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside, from Oryza sativa L. indica, to treat
various cancer cells. The results showed that, among analyzed cell lines,
HS578T was the most sensitive to peonidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside.
Treatment with peonidin 3-glucoside or cyanidin 3-glucoside resulted in a strong
inhibitory effect on cell growth via G2/M arrest. Regarding cell cyclerelated
proteins, peonidin 3-glucoside treatment resulted in
down-regulation of protein levels of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-1, CDK-2,
cyclin B1, and cyclin E, whereas cyanidin 3-glucoside could decrease the protein
levels of CDK-1, CDK-2, cyclin B1, and cyclin D1. In addition, cyanidin
3-glucoside or peonidin 3-glucoside also induced caspase-3 activation,
chromatin condensation, and cell death. Furthermore, anthocyanins from O. sativa
L. indica were evidenced by their inhibition on the growth of Lewis lung
carcinoma cells in vivo.
PMID: 16573384
J Nutr. 2006 Aug;136(8):2220-5.
An anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice enhances atherosclerotic plaque
stabilization in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
Xia X, Ling W, Ma J, Xia M, Hou M, Wang Q, Zhu H, Tang Z. Department of
Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern
Campus), Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China.
Black rice and its pigment fraction may have antiatherogenic activity, but
the exact component contributing to the beneficial effect remains unclear.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of the
anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice on the vulnerability of advanced
plaques in apolipoprotein (apo) E-deficient mice. Using LC-MS, the
anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice was identified as containing
cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside. ApoE-deficient mice (n = 30; 30
wk old) were randomly divided into 3 groups: a control group (fed the AIN-93G
diet),
the simvastin group [simva; fed the AIN-93G diet containing simvastatin, 50
mg/(kg.d)], or the anthocyanin-rich extract group [antho; fed the AIN-93G diet
supplemented with anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice, 300 mg/(kg.d)].
After 20 wk of intervention, the plaque area that developed in the
brachiocephalic artery of mice in the antho group was smaller than that of the
control mice. Both the antho and simva groups had lower frequencies of the large
necrotic core and thin fibrous cap in plaques than the control group. Collagen
I was increased and matrix metalloproteinase-1 contents were
reduced in the brachiocephalic lesion of both the antho and simva groups
compared with the control group. Furthermore, mRNA levels of tissue factor and
inducible nitric oxide synthase in aortae were decreased in the antho and simva
groups. Supplementation of anthocyanin-rich extract improved the
lipid profile by decreasing serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and non-HDL
cholesterol. These results suggest that chronic diet intake of anthocyanin-rich
extract from black rice may enhance plaque stabilization in old apoE-deficient
mice. The underlying mechanism is related mainly to inhibiting
proinflammatory factors and improving the serum lipid profile.
PMID: 16857844
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