X-Message-Number: 31312
Date: Wed, 31 Dec 2008 20:01:44 -0800 (PST)
From: 
Subject: fade to black... rice that is (Part II)

Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Jun;29(6):1148-53.

Inhibitory Effect of DA-9201, an Extract of Oryza sativa L., on Airway 
Inflammation and Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness in Mouse Asthma Model.

    Lee SH, Sohn YS, Kang KK, Kwon JW, Yoo M. Research Institutes, Dong-A 
    Pharmaceutical Company.

    Asthma is one of the major public health problems worldwide and the 
    morbidity and mortality of asthma has increased in the past two decades. 
    Accumulating data suggest that unnecessary immune responses and inflammation
    should be suppressed to treat asthma. The purpose of this study is to

investigate the anti-asthmatic effects of DA-9201, an ethanolic extract of black
rice (Oryza sativa L. var japonica), on an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse model 
of asthma. Balb/c mice immunized with OVA were administered with DA-9201 (30, 
100 or 300 mg/kg, p.o.) or dexamethasone (3 mg/kg, p.o.) and

challenged with 1% aerosolized OVA for 30 min. The effects on airway 
inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), antibody profiles and cytokines 
were evaluated. DA-9201 treatment significantly reduced the number of 
eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and ameliorated the AHR. Lung

histological features also showed that DA-9201 reduced airway inflammation. 
Furthermore, DA-9201 treatment decreased IFN-gamma as well as IL-4, IL-5 and 
IL-13 levels in the supernatant of cultured splenocytes, and suppressed the 
level of OVA-specific IgG, IgG2a, IgG1 and total IgE in plasma. DA-9201

showed anti-asthmatic effects by suppressing unnecessary immune responses, 
airway inflammation, eosinophilia, AHR and IgE level. These results suggest 
DA-9201 might be beneficial for the treatment of asthma.
PMID: 16755008


[Increased NF-kappaB is associated with aging in both rodents and humans. Black 
rice lowers NF-kappaB in mice, and so may exert a direct antiaging effect in 
this mammal.]

Arch Pharm Res. 2005 Dec;28(12):1350-7.

DA-9201 shows anti-asthmatic effects by suppressing NF-kappaB expression in an 
ovalbumin-induced mouse model of asthma.

    Lee SH, Seo MJ, Choi SM, Sohn YS, Kang KK, Ahn BO, Kwon JW, Yoo M. Research 
    Institutes of Dong-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yongin, Korea.

    Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) regulates the expression of multiple 
    cytokines, chemokines, and cell adhesion molecules that are involved in the 
    pathogenesis of asthma. We investigated the anti-asthmatic effects and the 
    mechanism of action of DA-9201, an extract of the black rice, in a mouse

model of asthma. Mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) were administered with 
DA-9201 (30, 100 or 300 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (DEXA, 3 mg/kg) for 2 weeks and 
challenged with aerosolized OVA during the last 3 days. Anti-asthmatic effects 
were assessed by means of enhanced pauses, level of total IgE and

Th2 cytokines in plasma or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), the percentage 
of eosinophils in BALF, and histopathological examination. The expression of 
NF-kappaB in nuclear and cytoplasmic fraction and its DNA-binding activity in 
lung tissues were analyzed by means of Western blotting and

electrophoretic gel mobility shift assay (EMSA), respectively. DA-9201 
significantly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), total IgE level in 
plasma and BALF, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels in BALF, and the percentage of 
eosinophils in BALF. Tissue inflammation was significantly improved by

DA-9201 treatment. In addition, DA-9201 dramatically suppressed the expression 
of NF-kappaB and its DNA-binding activity. These results suggest that DA-9201 
may be useful for the treatment of asthma and its efficacy is related to 
suppression of NF-kappaB pathway.
PMID: 16392668

[Black rice slightly edged out red rice here.]

Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2000 May 30;29(3):170-2.

[Effects of black and red rice on the formation of aortic plaques and blood 
lipids in rabbits][Article in Chinese]

    Chen Q, Ling W, Ma J, Mei J. School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University
    of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510089, China.

    In order to observe the antiatherosclerotic effects of black and red rice 
    and to find out their mechanism, 24 New Zealand male white rabbits (average 
    body weight 1.91 kg) were divided randomly into three groups (white rice, 
    black rice and red rice groups). The rabbits were fed a

cholesterol-enriched diet (cholesterol 5 g/kg, lard 35 g/kg) containing 300 g/kg
white, black and red rice powder respectively. The rabbits were sacrificed 10 
weeks later. The aorta was dissected and stained in 0.5% oilred-isopropanol 
solution. The plaque area and total area of aorta were measured

by an automatic image analyzer. Serum lipids were determined by an automatic 
analyzer. The results showed that the plaque area (% of total surface) in the 
black and red rice groups was significantly lower than that in the white rice 
group (P < 0.05). Serum TG, TC, LDL-C, ApoB and ApoAI/ApoB were not

significantly different among the three groups (P > 0.05). However, the 
concentrations of HDL-C and ApoAI were significantly higher in the black and red
rice groups than those in the white groups (P < 0.05). No significant 
difference was found between the black and red rice groups. It is concluded

that black and red rice might be effective in reducing atherosclerotic plaques 
on the aorta of rabbits fed a cholesterol-enriched diet. The effectiveness of 
black and red rice against atherosclerosis might be related to the high level of
serum HDL-C and ApoAI.
PMID: 12725067

J Nutr. 2003 Mar;133(3):744-51.

Supplementation of diets with the black rice pigment fraction attenuates 
atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein e deficient mice.

    Xia M, Ling WH, Ma J, Kitts DD, Zawistowski J. Department of Clinical 
    Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yet-sen University (Northern 
    Campus), Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.

    Apolipoprotein (apo)E-deficient mice were used to study the antiatherogenic 
    effect of black rice pigment fraction (BRF) and the possible mechanisms by 
    which it inhibits atherogenesis. The apoE-deficient mice (n = 45) were 
    randomly divided into three groups and received AIN-93G diet (positive

group), AIN-93G with 5 g of black rice pigment fraction/100 g (BRF group) and 
AIN-93G with 5 g of white rice outer layer fraction/100 g (WRF group) for 16 wk.
C57BL/6J mice (n = 15) received AIN-93G and were used as a control group. Blood
samples were collected for measurement of lipid

concentration, antioxidized LDL antibody and nitric oxide concentration. Livers 
were extracted for determination of cholesterol concentrations, and aortas were 
used to determine cholesterol concentrations and inducible nitric oxide synthase
protein and mRNA expression. Hearts were used to assess

atherosclerotic plaque formation. The apoE-deficient mice fed the black rice 
pigment fraction diet had 48% (P < 0.01) less atherosclerotic lesion area 
compared with apoE-deficient mice fed only the AIN-93G diet and 46% (P < 0.01) 
less lesion area compared with mice fed the white rice outer layer

fraction diet. This observation corresponded with significantly (P < 0.05) lower
total serum cholesterol, lower liver and aorta cholesterol (P < 0.01) and 
higher HDL cholesterol (P < 0.05) concentrations and lower (P < 0.05) 
antioxidized LDL antibody titer in apoE-deficient mice fed the black rice

pigment fraction diet compared with positive and WRF groups. Notwithstanding 
this, mice fed the black rice pigment fraction diet also had lower CD4(+) T 
lymphocyte expression (P < 0.05) and weaker inducible nitric oxide synthase 
expression (P < 0.05) compared with mice fed the AIN-93G diet and the

white rice outer layer fraction diet, respectively. We concluded that the 
inhibition of atherosclerotic lesions of the black rice pigment fraction is 
attributed to the improvement in cholesterol accumulation and reduction in 
oxidative stress and inflammation.
PMID: 12612147

J Nutr. 2002 Jan;132(1):20-6.

Supplementation of the black rice outer layer fraction to rabbits decreases 
atherosclerotic plaque formation and increases antioxidant status.

    Ling WH, Wang LL, Ma J. Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sun Yat-sen 
    University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, PR-China.

    The influence of the supplementation of black and white rice outer layer 
    fractions on atherosclerotic plaque formation induced by 
    hypercholesterolemia was investigated in rabbits. Male rabbits (n = 32) were
    randomly divided into four groups. They were fed nonpurified diet (normal 
    group), a lard

(3.5 g/100 g) with high cholesterol (0.5 g/100 g) diet (HC group); the HC diet 
with 5 g/100 g white rice outer layer fraction (WRF group); or the HC diet with 
5 g/100 g black rice outer layer fraction (BRF) for 2 mo. Blood samples were 
collected for determination of lipid concentration and oxidative

and antioxidative status variables, and aortae were taken for the assessment of 
atherosclerotic plaques. The atherosclerotic plaque area in rabbits fed the BRF 
diet was 66% lower than that of the HC or WRF rabbits (P < 0.001). 
Supplementation of the black rice outer layer significantly (P < 0.05)

lowered aortic 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) (-52%, -44%) compared with 
the WRF or HC diets (P < 0.05). There were no differences in aortic 8-OHdG 
levels between rabbits fed the BRF and normal diets. The BRF diet significantly 
(P < 0.05) decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level of serum

(-37%) and aortic artery (-50%) compared with the WRF diet. There were no 
differences in the concentrations of serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL 
cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-C or the ratio of apoprotein (apo)I/apoB among the HC, 
WRF and BRF groups. Similarly, there were no differences in the serum

vitamin E concentration and erythrocyte and aorta superoxide dismutase (SOD) 
activities among rabbits fed these diets. The serum concentration of most fatty 
acids except 18:1 did not differ between the WRF and the BRF groups. We conclude
that the inhibition of atherosclerotic plaque formation

derived from the black rice outer layer fraction in rabbits might be mediated by
antioxidative or anti-inflammatory effects.
PMID: 11773502

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