X-Message-Number: 31312
Date: Wed, 31 Dec 2008 20:01:44 -0800 (PST)
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Subject: fade to black... rice that is (Part II)
Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Jun;29(6):1148-53.
Inhibitory Effect of DA-9201, an Extract of Oryza sativa L., on Airway
Inflammation and Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness in Mouse Asthma Model.
Lee SH, Sohn YS, Kang KK, Kwon JW, Yoo M. Research Institutes, Dong-A
Pharmaceutical Company.
Asthma is one of the major public health problems worldwide and the
morbidity and mortality of asthma has increased in the past two decades.
Accumulating data suggest that unnecessary immune responses and inflammation
should be suppressed to treat asthma. The purpose of this study is to
investigate the anti-asthmatic effects of DA-9201, an ethanolic extract of black
rice (Oryza sativa L. var japonica), on an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse model
of asthma. Balb/c mice immunized with OVA were administered with DA-9201 (30,
100 or 300 mg/kg, p.o.) or dexamethasone (3 mg/kg, p.o.) and
challenged with 1% aerosolized OVA for 30 min. The effects on airway
inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), antibody profiles and cytokines
were evaluated. DA-9201 treatment significantly reduced the number of
eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and ameliorated the AHR. Lung
histological features also showed that DA-9201 reduced airway inflammation.
Furthermore, DA-9201 treatment decreased IFN-gamma as well as IL-4, IL-5 and
IL-13 levels in the supernatant of cultured splenocytes, and suppressed the
level of OVA-specific IgG, IgG2a, IgG1 and total IgE in plasma. DA-9201
showed anti-asthmatic effects by suppressing unnecessary immune responses,
airway inflammation, eosinophilia, AHR and IgE level. These results suggest
DA-9201 might be beneficial for the treatment of asthma.
PMID: 16755008
[Increased NF-kappaB is associated with aging in both rodents and humans. Black
rice lowers NF-kappaB in mice, and so may exert a direct antiaging effect in
this mammal.]
Arch Pharm Res. 2005 Dec;28(12):1350-7.
DA-9201 shows anti-asthmatic effects by suppressing NF-kappaB expression in an
ovalbumin-induced mouse model of asthma.
Lee SH, Seo MJ, Choi SM, Sohn YS, Kang KK, Ahn BO, Kwon JW, Yoo M. Research
Institutes of Dong-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yongin, Korea.
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) regulates the expression of multiple
cytokines, chemokines, and cell adhesion molecules that are involved in the
pathogenesis of asthma. We investigated the anti-asthmatic effects and the
mechanism of action of DA-9201, an extract of the black rice, in a mouse
model of asthma. Mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) were administered with
DA-9201 (30, 100 or 300 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (DEXA, 3 mg/kg) for 2 weeks and
challenged with aerosolized OVA during the last 3 days. Anti-asthmatic effects
were assessed by means of enhanced pauses, level of total IgE and
Th2 cytokines in plasma or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), the percentage
of eosinophils in BALF, and histopathological examination. The expression of
NF-kappaB in nuclear and cytoplasmic fraction and its DNA-binding activity in
lung tissues were analyzed by means of Western blotting and
electrophoretic gel mobility shift assay (EMSA), respectively. DA-9201
significantly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), total IgE level in
plasma and BALF, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels in BALF, and the percentage of
eosinophils in BALF. Tissue inflammation was significantly improved by
DA-9201 treatment. In addition, DA-9201 dramatically suppressed the expression
of NF-kappaB and its DNA-binding activity. These results suggest that DA-9201
may be useful for the treatment of asthma and its efficacy is related to
suppression of NF-kappaB pathway.
PMID: 16392668
[Black rice slightly edged out red rice here.]
Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2000 May 30;29(3):170-2.
[Effects of black and red rice on the formation of aortic plaques and blood
lipids in rabbits][Article in Chinese]
Chen Q, Ling W, Ma J, Mei J. School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University
of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510089, China.
In order to observe the antiatherosclerotic effects of black and red rice
and to find out their mechanism, 24 New Zealand male white rabbits (average
body weight 1.91 kg) were divided randomly into three groups (white rice,
black rice and red rice groups). The rabbits were fed a
cholesterol-enriched diet (cholesterol 5 g/kg, lard 35 g/kg) containing 300 g/kg
white, black and red rice powder respectively. The rabbits were sacrificed 10
weeks later. The aorta was dissected and stained in 0.5% oilred-isopropanol
solution. The plaque area and total area of aorta were measured
by an automatic image analyzer. Serum lipids were determined by an automatic
analyzer. The results showed that the plaque area (% of total surface) in the
black and red rice groups was significantly lower than that in the white rice
group (P < 0.05). Serum TG, TC, LDL-C, ApoB and ApoAI/ApoB were not
significantly different among the three groups (P > 0.05). However, the
concentrations of HDL-C and ApoAI were significantly higher in the black and red
rice groups than those in the white groups (P < 0.05). No significant
difference was found between the black and red rice groups. It is concluded
that black and red rice might be effective in reducing atherosclerotic plaques
on the aorta of rabbits fed a cholesterol-enriched diet. The effectiveness of
black and red rice against atherosclerosis might be related to the high level of
serum HDL-C and ApoAI.
PMID: 12725067
J Nutr. 2003 Mar;133(3):744-51.
Supplementation of diets with the black rice pigment fraction attenuates
atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein e deficient mice.
Xia M, Ling WH, Ma J, Kitts DD, Zawistowski J. Department of Clinical
Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yet-sen University (Northern
Campus), Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
Apolipoprotein (apo)E-deficient mice were used to study the antiatherogenic
effect of black rice pigment fraction (BRF) and the possible mechanisms by
which it inhibits atherogenesis. The apoE-deficient mice (n = 45) were
randomly divided into three groups and received AIN-93G diet (positive
group), AIN-93G with 5 g of black rice pigment fraction/100 g (BRF group) and
AIN-93G with 5 g of white rice outer layer fraction/100 g (WRF group) for 16 wk.
C57BL/6J mice (n = 15) received AIN-93G and were used as a control group. Blood
samples were collected for measurement of lipid
concentration, antioxidized LDL antibody and nitric oxide concentration. Livers
were extracted for determination of cholesterol concentrations, and aortas were
used to determine cholesterol concentrations and inducible nitric oxide synthase
protein and mRNA expression. Hearts were used to assess
atherosclerotic plaque formation. The apoE-deficient mice fed the black rice
pigment fraction diet had 48% (P < 0.01) less atherosclerotic lesion area
compared with apoE-deficient mice fed only the AIN-93G diet and 46% (P < 0.01)
less lesion area compared with mice fed the white rice outer layer
fraction diet. This observation corresponded with significantly (P < 0.05) lower
total serum cholesterol, lower liver and aorta cholesterol (P < 0.01) and
higher HDL cholesterol (P < 0.05) concentrations and lower (P < 0.05)
antioxidized LDL antibody titer in apoE-deficient mice fed the black rice
pigment fraction diet compared with positive and WRF groups. Notwithstanding
this, mice fed the black rice pigment fraction diet also had lower CD4(+) T
lymphocyte expression (P < 0.05) and weaker inducible nitric oxide synthase
expression (P < 0.05) compared with mice fed the AIN-93G diet and the
white rice outer layer fraction diet, respectively. We concluded that the
inhibition of atherosclerotic lesions of the black rice pigment fraction is
attributed to the improvement in cholesterol accumulation and reduction in
oxidative stress and inflammation.
PMID: 12612147
J Nutr. 2002 Jan;132(1):20-6.
Supplementation of the black rice outer layer fraction to rabbits decreases
atherosclerotic plaque formation and increases antioxidant status.
Ling WH, Wang LL, Ma J. Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sun Yat-sen
University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, PR-China.
The influence of the supplementation of black and white rice outer layer
fractions on atherosclerotic plaque formation induced by
hypercholesterolemia was investigated in rabbits. Male rabbits (n = 32) were
randomly divided into four groups. They were fed nonpurified diet (normal
group), a lard
(3.5 g/100 g) with high cholesterol (0.5 g/100 g) diet (HC group); the HC diet
with 5 g/100 g white rice outer layer fraction (WRF group); or the HC diet with
5 g/100 g black rice outer layer fraction (BRF) for 2 mo. Blood samples were
collected for determination of lipid concentration and oxidative
and antioxidative status variables, and aortae were taken for the assessment of
atherosclerotic plaques. The atherosclerotic plaque area in rabbits fed the BRF
diet was 66% lower than that of the HC or WRF rabbits (P < 0.001).
Supplementation of the black rice outer layer significantly (P < 0.05)
lowered aortic 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) (-52%, -44%) compared with
the WRF or HC diets (P < 0.05). There were no differences in aortic 8-OHdG
levels between rabbits fed the BRF and normal diets. The BRF diet significantly
(P < 0.05) decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level of serum
(-37%) and aortic artery (-50%) compared with the WRF diet. There were no
differences in the concentrations of serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL
cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-C or the ratio of apoprotein (apo)I/apoB among the HC,
WRF and BRF groups. Similarly, there were no differences in the serum
vitamin E concentration and erythrocyte and aorta superoxide dismutase (SOD)
activities among rabbits fed these diets. The serum concentration of most fatty
acids except 18:1 did not differ between the WRF and the BRF groups. We conclude
that the inhibition of atherosclerotic plaque formation
derived from the black rice outer layer fraction in rabbits might be mediated by
antioxidative or anti-inflammatory effects.
PMID: 11773502
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