X-Message-Number: 32592
Date: Sun, 23 May 2010 10:25:22 -0700 (PDT)
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Subject: hydrogen & carbon monoxide as solution additives? II
Am J Transplant. 2010 Apr;10(4):763-72. Epub 2010 Feb 25.
Ex vivo application of carbon monoxide in UW solution prevents
transplant-induced renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in pigs.
Yoshida J, Ozaki KS, Nalesnik MA, Ueki S, Castillo-Rama M, Faleo G, Ezzelarab M,
Nakao A, Ekser B, Echeverri GJ, Ross MA, Stolz DB, Murase N. Department of
Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Abstract
I/R injury is a major deleterious factor of successful kidney
transplantation (KTx). Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenous gaseous
regulatory molecule, and exogenously delivered CO in low concentrations
provides potent cytoprotection. This study evaluated efficacies of CO
exposure to excised kidney grafts to inhibit I/R injury in the pig KTx
model. Porcine kidneys were stored for 48 h in control UW or UW supplemented
with CO (CO-UW) and autotransplanted in a 14-day follow-up study. In the
control UW group, animal survival was 80% (4/5) with peak serum creatinine
levels of 12.0 +/- 5.1 mg/dL. CO-UW showed potent protection, and peak
creatinine levels were reduced to 6.9 +/- 1.4 mg/dL with 100% (5/5) survival
without any noticeable adverse event or abnormal COHb value. Control grafts
at 14 days showed significant tubular damages, focal fibrotic changes and
numerous infiltrates. The CO-UW group showed significantly less severe
histopathological changes with less TGF-beta and p-Smad3 expression. Grafts
in CO-UW also showed significantly lower early mRNA levels for
proinflammatory cytokines and less lipid peroxidation. CO in UW provides
significant protection against renal I/R injury in the porcine KTx model. Ex
vivo exposure of kidney grafts to CO during cold storage may therefore be a
safe strategy to reduce I/R injury.
PMID: 20199500
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Jan;51(1):487-92. Epub 2009 Oct 15.
Protection of the retina by rapid diffusion of hydrogen: administration of
hydrogen-loaded eye drops in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Oharazawa H, Igarashi T, Yokota T, Fujii H, Suzuki H, Machide M, Takahashi H,
Ohta S, Ohsawa I. Department of Ophthalmology, Musashikosugi Hospital, Nippon
Medical School, Kanagawa, Japan.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury by transient elevation of
intraocular pressure (IOP) is known to induce neuronal damage through the
generation of reactive oxygen species. Study results have indicated that
molecular hydrogen (H(2)) is an efficient antioxidant gas that selectively
reduces the hydroxyl radical (*OH) and suppresses oxidative stress-induced
injury in several organs. This study was conducted to explore the
neuroprotective effect of H(2)-loaded eye drops on retinal I/R injury.
METHODS: Retinal ischemia was induced in rats by raising IOP for 60 minutes.
H(2)-loaded eye drops were prepared by dissolving H(2) gas into a saline to
saturated level and administered to the ocular surface continuously during
the ischemia and/or reperfusion periods. One day after I/R injury, apoptotic
cells in the retina were quantified, and oxidative stress was evaluated by
markers such as 4-hydroxynonenal and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine. Seven days
after I/R injury, retinal damage was quantified by measuring the thickness
of the retina. RESULTS: When H(2)-loaded eye drops were continuously
administered, H(2) concentration in the vitreous body immediately increased
and I/R-induced *OH level decreased. The drops reduced the number of retinal
apoptotic and oxidative stress marker-positive cells and prevented retinal
thinning with an accompanying activation of Muller glia, astrocytes, and
microglia. The drops improved the recovery of retinal thickness by >70%.
CONCLUSIONS: H(2) has no known toxic effects on the human body. Thus, the
results suggest that H(2)-loaded eye drops are a highly useful
neuroprotective and antioxidative therapeutic treatment for acute retinal
I/R injury.
PMID: 19834032
[Could hydrogen extend human lifespan by suppressing infections?]
Shock. 2009 Dec 7. [Epub ahead of print]
Protective Effects of Hydrogen Gas on Murine Polymicrobial Sepsis via Reducing
Oxidative Stress and HMGB1 Release.
Xie K, Yu Y, Pei Y, Hou L, Chen S, Xiong L, Wang G. 1Department of
Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052,
P. R. China. Tel: +86-22-60361519. 2Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing
Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, P.
R. China. Tel: +86-29-84775337.
Abstract
Despite recent advances in antibiotic therapy and intensive care, sepsis is
still considered to be the most common cause of death in intensive care
units (ICU). Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an
important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Recently, it has been
suggested that molecular hydrogen (H2) exerts a therapeutic antioxidant
activity by selectively reducing hydroxyl radicals (*OH, the most cytotoxic
ROS) and effectively protects against organ damage induced by
ischemia/reperfusion. Therefore, we hypothesized that H2 treatment had a
beneficial effect on sepsis. In the present study, we found that H2
inhalation starting at 1 and 6 hours after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)
or sham operation significantly improved the survival rate of septic mice
with moderate or severe CLP in a concentration- and time-dependent manner.
Furthermore, moderate or severe CLP mice showed significant multiple organ
damage characterized by the increases of lung myeloperoxidase (MPO)
activity, wet-to-dry (W/D) weight ratio, protein concentration in
bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), serum biochemical parameters, and organ
histopathological scores at 24 hours after CLP operation, which was
significantly attenuated by 2% H2 treatment. In addition, we found that the
beneficial effects of H2 treatment on sepsis and sepsis-associated organ
damage were associated with the decreased levels of oxidative product,
increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and reduced levels of
high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in serum and tissue. Thus, H2 inhalation
may be an effective therapeutic strategy for septic patients.
PMID: 19997046
[Could hydrogen inhibit cancer growth? We'd need a little more proof than this!]
Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 Jan;31(1):19-26.
Inhibitory effect of electrolyzed reduced water on tumor angiogenesis.
Ye J, Li Y, Hamasaki T, Nakamichi N, Komatsu T, Kashiwagi T, Teruya K, Nishikawa
R, Kawahara T, Osada K, Toh K, Abe M, Tian H, Kabayama S, Otsubo K, Morisawa S,
Katakura Y, Shirahata S. Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu
University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key mediator of tumor
angiogenesis. Tumor cells are exposed to higher oxidative stress compared to
normal cells. Numerous reports have demonstrated that the intracellular
redox (oxidation/reduction) state is closely associated with the pattern of
VEGF expression. Electrolyzed reduced water (ERW) produced near the cathode
during the electrolysis of water scavenged intracellular H(2)O(2) and
decreased the release of H(2)O(2) from a human lung adenocarcinoma cell
line, A549, and down-regulated both VEGF transcription and protein secretion
in a time-dependent manner. To investigate the signal transduction pathway
involved in regulating VEGF expression, mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK)
specific inhibitors, SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor), PD98059 (ERK1/2
inhibitor) and JNKi (c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase inhibitor) were
applied. The results showed that only PD98059 blocks VEGF expression,
suggesting an important role for ERK1/2 in regulating VEGF expression in
A549 cells. As well, ERW inhibited the activation of extracellular
signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in a time-dependent manner. Co-culture
experiments to analyze in vitro tubule formation assay revealed that A549
cell-derived conditioned medium significantly stimulated the formation of
vascular tubules in all analyzed parameters; tubule total area, tubule
junction, number of tubules, and total tubule length. ERW counteracted the
effect of A549 cell-conditioned medium and decreased total tube length
(p<0.01). The present study demonstrated that ERW down-regulated VEGF gene
transcription and protein secretion through inactivation of ERK.
PMID: 18175936
Free text>
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/31/1/19/_pdf
J Food Sci. 2007 Jun;72(5):S298-302.
Effect of pH on the taste of alkaline electrolyzed water.
Koseki M, Tanaka Y, Noguchi H, Nishikawa T. Yamawaki Gakuen Junior College,
4-10-36, Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8371, Japan
Abstract
The pH dependence of the taste of alkaline electrolyzed water (AEW) made by
electrolyzing bottled mineral waters was examined by sensory evaluation. For
water with a calcium concentration of 79 or 93 mg/L, the taste of AEW with
a pH of 9.5 was considered better than that of the unelectrolyzed water. In
contrast, for water with a calcium concentration of 10 mg/L, the taste of
the unelectrolyzed water was preferred to that of AEW with a pH of 9.5.
Electrolysis reduced the calcium concentrations in waters with calcium
concentrations of 79 or 93 mg/L, but did not change the calcium
concentration in water with a calcium concentration of 10 mg/L. Electrolysis
probably improved the taste of water with a higher calcium concentration by
reducing the calcium concentration; however, the effect of electrolysis on
water with a calcium concentration of 10 mg/L is likely to be the result of
the pH increase alone.
PMID: 17995745
[If this stuff is so great why isn't everybody at the AMA guzzling it?
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2006 Nov;135(2):133-44.
Electrolyzed-reduced water protects against oxidative damage to DNA, RNA, and
protein.
Lee MY, Kim YK, Ryoo KK, Lee YB, Park EJ. Department of Genetic Engineering,
Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-600, Korea.
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species is thought to cause extensive
oxidative damage to various biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, and protein. In
this study, the preventive, suppressive, and protective effects of in vitro
supplementation with electrolyzed-reduced water on H2O2-induced DNA damage
in human lymphocytes were examined using a comet assay. Pretreatment,
cotreatment, and posttreatment with electrolyzed-reduced water enhanced
human lymphocyte resistance to the DNA strand breaks induced by H2O2 in
vitro. Moreover, electrolyzed-reduced water was much more effective than
diethylpyrocarbonate-treated water in preventing total RNA degradation at 4
and 25 degrees C. In addition, electrolyzed-reduced water completely
prevented the oxidative cleavage of horseradish peroxidase, as determined
using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Enhancement of the
antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid dissolved in electrolyzed-reduced
water was about threefold that of ascorbic acid dissolved in nonelectrolyzed
deionized water, as measured by a xanthine-xanthine oxidase superoxide
scavenging assay system, suggesting an inhibitory effect of electrolyzed
reduced water on the oxidation of ascorbic acid.
PMID: 17159237
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 May 8;234(1):269-74.
Electrolyzed-reduced water scavenges active oxygen species and protects DNA from
oxidative damage.
Shirahata S, Kabayama S, Nakano M, Miura T, Kusumoto K, Gotoh M, Hayashi H,
Otsubo K, Morisawa S, Katakura Y. Institute of Cellular Regulation Technology,
Graduate School of Genetic Resources Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka,
Japan
Abstract
Active oxygen species or free radicals are considered to cause extensive
oxidative damage to biological macromolecules, which brings about a variety
of diseases as well as aging. The ideal scavenger for active oxygen should
be 'active hydrogen'. 'Active hydrogen' can be produced in reduced water
near the cathode during electrolysis of water. Reduced water exhibits high
pH, low dissolved oxygen (DO), extremely high dissolved molecular hydrogen
(DH), and extremely negative redox potential (RP) values. Strongly
electrolyzed-reduced water, as well as ascorbic acid, (+)-catechin and
tannic acid, completely scavenged O.-2 produced by the hypoxanthine-xanthine
oxidase (HX-XOD) system in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The superoxide
dismutase (SOD)-like activity of reduced water is stable at 4 degrees C for
over a month and was not lost even after neutralization, repeated freezing
and melting, deflation with sonication, vigorous mixing, boiling, repeated
filtration, or closed autoclaving, but was lost by opened autoclaving or by
closed autoclaving in the presence of tungsten trioxide which efficiently
adsorbs active atomic hydrogen. Water bubbled with hydrogen gas exhibited
low DO, extremely high DH and extremely low RP values, as does reduced
water, but it has no SOD-like activity. These results suggest that the
SOD-like activity of reduced water is not due to the dissolved molecular
hydrogen but due to the dissolved atomic hydrogen (active hydrogen).
Although SOD accumulated H2O2 when added to the HX-XOD system, reduced water
decreased the amount of H2O2 produced by XOD. Reduced water, as well as
catalase and ascorbic acid, could directly scavenge H2O2. Reduce water
suppresses single-strand breakage of DNA b active oxygen species produced by
the Cu(II)-catalyzed oxidation of ascorbic acid in a dose-dependent manner,
suggesting that reduced water can scavenge not only O2.- and H2O2, but also
1O2 and .OH.
PMID: 9169001
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